Mushroom Medicine: Evidence Behind the Shroom
The Science of Mushrooms
Functional mushrooms are capturing the attention of researchers and wellness seekers alike - and for good reason. Behind every drop of mushroom extract lies a world of fascinating compounds, ancient wisdom, and cutting-edge discoveries.
This page is your gateway to exploring the exciting science behind adaptogenic fungi - from immune-boosting beta-glucans to brain-loving compounds like hericenones and erinacines. Dive into studies, uncover what makes these mushrooms so powerful, and deepen your understanding of the fungi you’re inviting into your daily routine.
Lion’s Mane
This fascinating mushroom is currently being explored for its effects on the brain, nervous system, and mental wellbeing.
Lion’s Mane has been studied for its potential to support memory, mental clarity and learning through its impact on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF).
Research is investigating its ability to promote regeneration and protection of nerve cells, showing promise in recovery from neural injury and neurodegenerative conditions.
Preliminary studies indicate Lion’s Mane may have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like properties potentially supporting emotional wellbeing.
Lion's Mane can potentially improve gut health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria and reducing inflammation. It supports the gut-brain axis, alleviating anxiety and depression symptoms while enhancing digestive health.
Lion’s Mane (Hericium Erinaceus) has become one of the most widely studied functional mushrooms. Below are key areas of research for the Lion's Mane mushrooms with linked studies for further exploration.
Lion’s Mane has demonstrated the ability to enhance brain function in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies*. In one study, participants with mild cognitive impairment took four 250 mg tablets of Lion’s Mane three times daily, resulting in significant improvements in cognitive function*.
A 2019 study found that participants who consumed Lion’s Mane mushroom cookies for 12 weeks showed improved cognitive function and reduced short-term memory deterioration*.
Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) enhances nerve growth factor (NGF) gene expression and protein secretion in human astrocytoma cells through the JNK signaling pathway. In vivo studies showed increased NGF mRNA in the hippocampus of mice. Active compounds responsible are not hericenones, highlighting potential for neurodegenerative disease treatment.
Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) has shown potential to improve mood by reducing depression and anxiety. In a study, women consuming Lion’s Mane cookies for four weeks exhibited significantly lower scores on the CES-D and ICI scales compared to the placebo group, indicating enhanced emotional well-being and reduced indefinite complaints.
Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) can support gut health by inhibiting the growth of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium linked to gastritis and ulcers. Studies show its ethanol extracts have strong bacteriostatic effects on H. pylori, suggesting a direct antibacterial mechanism in addition to its immunomodulating properties.
See How Our Customers Rate Lion's Mane
Reishi
Known as the “Mushroom of Immortality”, Reishi has been highly respected and used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. Modern science is now uncovering the powerful properties behind this calming adaptogen. Rich in triterpenoids, polysaccharides, and peptidoglycans, Reishi is currently being researched for a wide range of health benefits. Below are just a few of the exciting areas scientists are exploring.
Reishi has shown potential as an adaptogen, helping the body modulate its response to stress and restore balance to the nervous system. Preclinical studies suggest it may influence HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis, lowering cortisol levels and promoting mental resilience. It’s also being examined for its ability to support long-term cognitive health by reducing oxidative stress in the brain.
Often used as a natural sleep aid, Reishi is studied for its ability to support deeper, more restorative rest. Certain triterpenes found in the mushroom appear to have soothing effects, helping to calm the mind and support natural circadian rhythms - without dependency or grogginess. These effects may be especially helpful for those struggling with sleep due to anxiety or overstimulation.
Research into Reishi’s role in heart health has shown promising results. Its bioactive compounds have been observed to help regulate blood pressure, reduce LDL cholesterol, and prevent plaque buildup in arteries. These effects are attributed to its antioxidant content and ability to support nitric oxide production, which helps dilate blood vessels and promote circulation.
Reishi’s most well documented benefit is its ability to regulate immune function. Rather than simply stimulating the immune system, Reishi works as an immunomodulator - helping to balance immune responses whether they’re overreactive (as in autoimmune conditions) or underperforming. This is largely due to its high concentration of beta-glucans and ganoderic acids.
Below are key areas of research for the Reishi mushrooms with linked studies for further exploration.
Reishi polysaccharides—especially β‑1,3;1,6‑glucans—are shown in randomised controlled trials to increase counts of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ T‑lymphocytes and NK cell cytotoxicity in healthy adults. The study reported no adverse effects on liver or kidney markers
Clinical and animal studies highlight Reishi’s ability to elevate plasma antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress. It supports cellular resilience under conditions observed in advanced-stage cancer and metabolic syndrome populations.
As well as being named the 'Mushroom of Immortality", Reishi is also known as the “Spirit mushroom”. This is due to its ability to promote calmness, relaxation, and improved sleep*. Studies in mice and rats have shown that Reishi extracts significantly increase both total sleep time and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time, suggesting that Reishi supplementation has a hypnotic effect*.
See How Our Customers Rate Reishi
Turkey Tail
Turkey Tail's beautiful, fan-like appearance conceals a powerhouse of immune-supporting polysaccharides, especially PSP (polysaccharide-peptide) and PSK (polysaccharide-K). With a long-standing history in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, Turkey Tail is now a subject of modern studies for its wide-reaching benefits in immunity, gut health, and cellular resilience.
Turkey Tail contains PSP and PSK, two unique protein-bound polysaccharides that have been shown to stimulate immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and T-cells. These compounds help the body respond more effectively to external threats and maintain a healthy immune surveillance. It’s one of the most promising mushrooms for overall immune system support.
Emerging research shows that Turkey Tail mushroom acts as a prebiotic, feeding beneficial bacteria in the gut like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus. A healthier gut microbiome is linked to improved digestion, better immune function, and even mood regulation. By supporting a more diverse and balanced gut flora, Turkey Tail plays a foundational role in holistic wellness.
Turkey Tail has shown the ability to reduce oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory markers in the body. This makes it an excellent candidate for supporting long-term health, especially in conditions related to chronic inflammation such as cardiovascular issues, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune challenges.
Below are key areas of research for the Turkey Tail mushrooms with linked studies for further exploration.
Beta-glucans do not directly combat diseases. Instead, they activate immune cells responsible for immunity. Upon entry into the body, beta-glucans mimic pathogens, triggering macrophages, which ingest and transport them to lymph nodes. There, they are broken down, and the fragments prime natural killer cells and other immune cells, accelerating pathogen recognition and response.
Two compounds extracted from various Turkey Tail strains are PSP (polysaccharide peptide) and PSK (polysaccharide-k or "Krestin"). Discovered in Japan during the 1960s and China during the 1980s respectively, PSK and PSP have garnered attention for their immune system support and their potential to mitigate chemotherapy side effects*.
"The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment"
"This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the use of medicinal mushrooms in the treatment of people with cancer."
Turkey Tail exhibits prebiotic properties by promoting beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus while reducing harmful species. Its extract, polysaccharide peptide (PSP), resembles common prebiotics in altering microbiota composition, increasing organic acids, and lowering pH, potentially explaining its diverse health benefits.
Another study looked to compare the effects of PSP to those of the antibiotic amoxicillin on the human gut microbiome*.
Chaga
This mushroom has been deeply admired for centuries and given the title of “King of Medicinal Mushrooms”. Chaga grows primarily on birch trees in cold climates and is known for its striking charcoal-black exterior and rich, bright coloured, earthy interior. While technically a sclerotium rather than a fruiting body, Chaga is dense with beneficial compounds including beta-glucans, melanin, triterpenoids, and one of the highest antioxidant profiles in the natural world. It is currently researched for its role in supporting immune health, reducing inflammation, and defending cells from oxidative stress.
Chaga is incredibly rich in antioxidants - particularly superoxide dismutase (SOD), melanin, and polyphenols. These compounds help neutralise free radicals, protect DNA, and support cellular integrity. Chagas ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) score ranks among the highest of any natural substance, making it a top choice for combating oxidative stress and promoting healthy ageing.
Like many functional mushrooms, Chaga contains beta-glucans which help prime and balance the immune system. What sets Chaga apart is its ability to regulate cytokine production - meaning it can both stimulate the immune responses when needed and help reduce excessive inflammation. This makes it particularly useful for maintaining immune equilibrium.
Chaga has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in multiple preclinical studies. Its compounds- such as betulinic acid and inotodiol - may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. This could support individuals dealing with inflammation-related conditions such as arthritis, skin disorders, or chronic fatigue.
Preliminary research suggests that Chaga may support healthy blood sugar levels and lipid profiles. Compounds in Chaga have been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in animal models and may improve insulin sensitivity. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties could contribute to improved cardiovascular resilience.
Below are key areas of research for the Chaga mushroom with linked studies for further exploration.
Like other functional mushrooms, Chaga is rich in beta-glucans that support immunity*.
Additionally, Chaga contains betulinic acid, an alcohol-soluble triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties*.
It is also high in phenolic compounds, making it a potent antioxidant*.
Since some compounds are water-soluble and others are alcohol-soluble, dual extraction is crucial to maximize Chaga's bioavailable benefits.
Research has demonstrated that Chaga mushroom is a powerful immune system modulator, enhancing host immunity by regulating cytokines*.
In simple terms, Chaga can calm an overactive immune system and reduce its response*, while also boosting an underperforming immune system to better fight off bacteria and viruses*. These immune-boosting effects are attributed to beta-glucans, water-soluble compounds found in the mushroom's cell walls.
Since a well-functioning immune system is crucial for overall health, incorporating Chaga into your routine could be highly beneficial*. Double bonus!
Chaga is an antioxidant? Yes, it is! The outer black layer of the Chaga "sclerotium" harbours an exceptionally high concentration of melanin.
Extracts containing this portion of the mushroom serve as potent antioxidants, safeguarding the body's cells against detrimental free radicals*.
These extracts may also shield the body from various oxidative processes, explaining their use in anti-aging*.
See How Our Customers Rate Chaga
Cordyceps
Cordyceps has earned its reputation as a fantastic revered adaptogen, prized for promoting stamina, endurance, and vitality. Originally discovered in the Himalayan highlands, traditional Cordyceps sinensis was famously harvested from caterpillars. Today, cultivated Cordyceps offers even higher concentrations of active compounds - especially cordycepin - making it the preferred and sustainable option. Cordyceps is currently being researched for its effects on energy metabolism, oxygen utilisation, athletic performance, and immune modulation.
Cordyceps is perhaps best known for its role in enhancing cellular energy. It supports the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - your body’s energy currency - by improving mitochondrial function. This effect is attributed largely to cordycepin, a compound structurally similar to adenosine. As a result, Cordyceps is widely studied for increasing stamina and reducing fatigue, particularly in athletes and active individuals.
Studies show that Cordyceps may improve VO₂ max - a key marker of aerobic capacity - by enhancing oxygen uptake and delivery. This is beneficial not just for athletic performance but also for individuals with respiratory conditions such as asthma or COPD. By increasing oxygen efficiency, Cordyceps may help support clearer breathing and sustained endurance.
Cordyceps exhibits immunomodulatory effects by stimulating natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and T-cells. Research has shown that it may enhance host defence against infections while also reducing chronic inflammation. Its ability to balance the immune system makes it both a protector and regulator, ideal for maintaining long-term wellness.
Cordyceps is a powerful adaptogen, helping the body respond to physical and mental stress. It contains potent antioxidants that help combat cellular ageing and oxidative damage. Research also indicates potential anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory benefits - making it a holistic support for ageing well, managing stress, and maintaining resilience.
Below are key areas of research for the Cordyceps mushroom with linked studies for further exploration.
Cordyceps is rich in powerful bioactive compounds, including cordycepin, which has been studied for its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and antiviral properties*.
Cultivated Cordyceps militaris contains up to 90 times more cordycepin than wild-harvested Cordyceps sinensis.
Additionally, the fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris boasts high levels of immune-supporting beta-glucans (up to 25%), significantly more than supplements made from the mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis grown on grain, which can be as low as 1%.
Cordyceps has been used to combat fatigue. A 2015 randomised double-blind study showed that Cordyceps improved aerobic capacity, exercise metabolism, and endurance performance in healthy, middle-aged to elderly sedentary individuals.
Additionally, a study on rodents found that supplementing with Cordyceps militaris for two weeks increased their swimming endurance compared to the control group.
Cordyceps has a history of use for enhancing male sexual health. Animal studies have demonstrated that Cordyceps supplementation can improve reproductive activity*, and other research on mice has shown that it stimulates testosterone production*.
Cordyceps contains nucleosides such as cordycepin, which may inhibit viral replication. Additionally, its polysaccharides can enhance the immune response to viral infections. These properties make Cordyceps an excellent natural antiviral candidate.
See How Our Customers Rate Cordyceps
Shiitake
Best known as a delicious culinary mushroom, Shiitake is equally impressive as a functional supplement. It’s naturally rich in polysaccharides (including the highly researched lentinan), essential amino acids, B-vitamins, and trace minerals. Traditional Eastern medicine has used Shiitake for centuries to support vitality, while modern science now investigates its potential in immunity, heart health, and skin support.
Shiitake is most studied for lentinan, a beta-glucan known to stimulate macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells. It acts as a biological response modifier, helping the body detect and respond to abnormal cells. Studies have shown Shiitake can support immune system activity without overstimulation, making it a balanced choice for immune regulation.
Shiitake contains natural compounds like eritadenine, which are shown to help reduce LDL cholesterol and support healthy lipid metabolism. Additionally, its antioxidant properties may protect blood vessels and reduce oxidative dmage, supporting overall heart health and circulation.
Lentinan and other compounds in Shiitake have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in various models. This includes reduction of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and support for cellular detoxification pathways. These properties may support joint health, longevity, and every day resilience.
Thanks to its zinc, selenium, and vitamin B content, Shiitake is also studied for its role in collagen synthesis and maintaining skin barrier function. Its antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects are believed to contribute to clearer skin and healthier hair, making it a beauty-from-within powerhouse.
Below are key areas of research for the Shiitake mushroom with linked studies for further exploration.
Shiitake's signature compound, lentinan—a β‑1,3/1,6‑glucan—is studied for its ability to stimulate macrophages, T‑cells, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Research shows it may help modulate immune responses, especially in clinical contexts such as chemotherapy support. It has been used in Japan and China alongside chemotherapy to improve patient outcomes.
Human and animal studies suggest regular Shiitake consumption may reduce LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides while supporting favourable HDL balance. These effects are attributed to eritadenine and beta-glucans. A recent clinical trial showed a 10% reduction in triglycerides and improved antioxidant markers over 8–9 weeks.
Shiitake compounds like lentinan and phenolic compounds exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Preclinical research shows inhibition of inflammatory markers (e.g. IL‑1β via NLRP3/AIM2 inflammasome pathways) and reduced oxidative stress—supporting longevity and healthy aging.
